Monograph 15: Those Who Continue To Smoke Is Achieving Abstinence Harder and Do We Need to Change Our Interventions?

You have the option to:

1. Download the entire monograph (1,164 kb)
2. Download only the chapters you are interested in (see below)
3. Order a hard copy by calling the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Information Service at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) or visiting NCI's Publications Locator Web site.

Table of Contents:

• Front Matter (531 kb)
• Introduction (100 kb)

• Chapter 1
  Smokers Who Have Not Quit: Is Cessation More Difficult and Should We Change Our Strategies? (187 kb)
  • Definition of the Question
  • Measures of Hardening
  • Have Cessation and Abstinence Rates Fallen Overall?
  • Have Recent Cessation Rates Fallen Among Populations That Have Achieved Low Smoking Prevalence?
  • Are Residual Smokers Heavier Smokers or More Addicted?
  • Do Current Smokers Have Higher Comorbidity Than Smokers Did in Previous Decades?
  • Are Residual Smokers Concentrated in Less Advantaged Demographic Groups and Those With Less Exposure To Tobacco Control Interventions?
    
    
• Chapter 2
  The Case for Hardening of the Target (105 kb)
  • Why It Is Important to Test the Hardening Hypothesis
  • An Adequate Test of the Hardening Hypothesis Is Needed
  • Dependence May Not Be the Most Relevant Cause of Any Hardening
    
    
• Chapter 3
  The Case Against Hardening of the Target (102 kb)
  • Effect of Individual Factors on Heavy Smokers
  • Effect of Environmental Factors on Heavy Smokers
    
    
• Chapter 4
  Examining a Quarter-Century of Smoking Cessation Trials: Is the Target Becoming Harder to Treat? (140 kb)
  
  • Methods
  • Results
    
    
• Chapter 5
  Changes in Measures of Nicotine Dependence Using Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data from COMMIT (161 kb)
  • Methods
  • Analysis
  • Results
    
    
• Chapter 6
  Changes in Smoking Habits in the American Cancer Society CPS I During 12 Years of Follow-Up (142 kb)
  • Cancer Prevention Study I
  • Methods of Analysis
  • Results
    
    
• Chapter 7
  Changes in Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day: Cross-Sectional and Birth Cohort Analyses Using NHIS (168 kb)
  • Methods
  • Results
    
    
• Chapter 8
  Changes in Cross-Sectional Measures of Cessation, Numbers of Cigarettes Smoked per Day, and Time to First Cigarette—California and National Data (190 kb)
  • Changes in National Cessation Rates and Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day
  • Changes in Cessation Rates, Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day, and Time to First Cigarette in California, 1990 to 1999
    
    
• Chapter 9
  Hardening of the Target: Evidence from Massachusetts (146 kb)
  • Background
  • Methods
  • Analysis
  • Results